We cause some inflammation ourselves, even through healthy activities like exercise. Even though jicama is a legume (and as a result, a distant relative of common allergens like peanuts and soy), there is only one reported case of jicama allergy in the medical literature. Every other part should be removed and discarded of. It is best to throw out the jicama as soon as it becomes soggy as it will just continue to worsen over time. Jicama is a starchy root vegetable similar to a potato or turnip. You will see fuzzy green or white spots on the surface of the jicama if it has grown mould. To seal in freshness and protect it from excessive scuffing, our Jicama will be coated with a food grade paraffin wax from October to late February or March, depending on the skin condition of the new crop as it matures in storage. Slice raw jicama into batons for crudit platters, salads, and even sushi rolls. Delicious recipes and easy hacks await Read More . Gerardo Gonzalez loves cooking. Jicama contains huge fiber content and so excessive consumption leads to digestive disorders like constipation and stomach ache. And so long as you dont overcook it, jicama retains its pleasantly crisp texture (think fresh apple) when cooked. The vegetable itself is brown on the outside with a white interior. The beans, leaves, and flowers of the vine are toxic. 2 Avocado. Hi Mae, how did the taro experiment go?

Are you looking for a low-starch alternative or just a low-glycemic alternative to potatoes? ), Ready to take jicama for a test drive? Im Lee, a registered dietitian thriving on a whole-food, plant-based diet. Is jicama poisonous? I'll post hereon my culinary (as well as " we just started cooking cauliflower and then blending it up with an immersion blender as a substitute for mashed potatoes delicious, especially with some butter on top. The jicama skin should be removed before eating as the skin can be toxic. Roots are yellowish-brown, coarse, and membranous. Jicama's skin, stem, leaves, and seeds are poisonous. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Research suggests that consuming Jicama fulfills the requirement of Vitamin B6 and helps lift the mood. Sign up for weekly plant-based recipes, easy hacks, and money-saving tips! Jicama contains dietary fiber that aids efficient digestion and improves overall gastrointestinal health in dogs. The only part of the jicama plant that is good for dogs is the peeled flesh from the root bulb. Shared on Healthy Vegan Fridays, a plant-tastic blog hop, and Raw Foods Thursdays, a scrumptious collection of gluten-free raw recipes. It is rich in insoluble fiber, which promotes good digestion, prevents constipation, and decreases cholesterol in the body. Water Chestnuts. The above-ground part of the plant is a vigorous spreading vine that can reach several feet in diameter and produce blue or white flowers and pods similar to lima beans. The major effect of -solanine and -chaconine is the reversible inhibition of cholinesterase. Hi Heather, I love the idea of using jicama as a taco shell! Jicama Risks Only the flesh of the root vegetable itself is safe to eat. Cardiotoxic and teratogenic effects have also been reported. Dip a clean cloth into the mixture and use it to wipe down all of the surfaces in your home that have come into contact with Icy Hot. If jicama is in a cool, dry, dark place (like the cupboard) they wont spoil. Fresh, good jicama is a light, creamy white colour inside. Once you cut it, wrap up your jicama tightly and store it in the refrigerator for a week. Unlike many processed treats, fruits come with benefits.Jun 3, 2020. While the flesh is completely safe and recommended, stem, skin, seeds, and leaves contain rotenone that's very toxic for dogs. Basic Report: 11603, Yambean (jicama), raw. (2018, April), Calcium [Fact sheet]. Jicama is a mild flavored root vegetable originating in Mexico and Central America - and is a part of the bean family. I started eating this way for breast healthI stick with it for the tasty food! However, further research is needed to confirm this effect in humans. However, too much fiber in your diet can interfere with the absorption of minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc and magnesium, advises MedlinePlus. The papery skin can get stuck in some peelers, so a knife may be your best bet. This sogginess will eventually erode the entire vegetable. The only part of a jicama that is safe for doggy consumption is the flesh. This poisonous toxin is known as rotenone. Jicama's skin, stem, leaves, and seeds are poisonous. Jicama, like other root vegetables, is a relatively high-fiber and low-carb vegetable. Rotten Jicama has a foul odor, and it should also be slimy or sticky. Living in every persons gut is a large community of bacteria. It is in the peel so I feel some small amount must be left in the flesh also, but I cant find any exact figures or comparisons to other vegetables. It is not advisable for people to eat the outer peels of jicama as it contains a highly toxic compound.Aug 19 . Mould is perhaps the most obvious sign the jicama has gone bad. According to studies conducted by the University of Maryland, jicama salad is ideal for people suffering from acid reflux due to the action of lemon juice. The main difference between the two is that jicama de agua is round and squat with translucent watery color, hence aqua, Spanish for water. Jicama is healthy, but too much of it can cause loss of other nutrients and minerals due to the amount of fiber contained in it. Can jicama give you diarrhea? Due to their high content of rotenone, at one time mature seeds of the jicama plant were commercially cultured as a source of insecticide. Research suggests that consuming rotenone may raise a persons risk of developing Parkinsons. Only the root of the jicama is safe to eat. Copyright 2017 - Veggie-Quest.com Designed by Charfish Design. However, it is still important to be cautious when preparing and cooking with jicama. While its root benefits are plain to see, travel above ground and the jicama plant turns toxic, churning out seeds containing the poison rotenone. All rights reserved. So I never share your personal information outside of Veggie Quest. Rinse the surfaces with clean water and dry them completely. It's best to peel the jicama bulb's skin before cooking it because the bulb's skin may be mildly toxic. It looks similar to a potato or turnip, with brown skin and starchy, white flesh. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Use a. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? This Spanish vegetable has a crisp but fresh flavor, and if you havent tried it yet, youre missing out! 4. The jicama plant grows mostly in Mexico and Central America on a long vine. Any change to this appearance is a sign the jicama has gone bad or is in the process of going bad. (The same way youd store potatoes.) However, other studies have shown vitamin C to be impactful on boosting the immune system. Jicama is non-toxic for dogs, regardless of their breed. Underground, the globe-shaped, golden brown starchy root of the jicama is about the size of a turnip. Once it has gone brown, eventually the whole vegetable will completely deteriorate. It comes with a bitter yet sweet flavor. If you start your plants from seed, they'll need five to nine months of warm weather to produce roots that are big enough to eat. Apples. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Hi, I'm Jessica Gavin, a certified culinary scientist and author. However, it is still important to be cautious when preparing and cooking with jicama. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. We cause some inflammation ourselves, even through healthy activities like exercise.Nov 11, 2019. Jucama is also toxic when eaten raw. Also, your muscle mass might diminish slightly with age, while fat increases. Fascinating! Luckily the jicama plants tuberous, refreshing root is not only nontoxic, but a great source of both fiber and vitamin C. And the sweet taste that makes it so delicious? Fleshy root of a plant thats a member of the pea family, jicama (pronounced HEE-ka-ma) is about as happy-go-lucky as a veggie can get, with a mellow disposition and a texture similar to that of a ripe applecrisp and juicy, without the slightest hint of mealiness. The high fiber content is great for the digestive system by normalizing bowel function and preventing constipation. Relatively mild symptoms such as these should resolve in about 24 hours ( 4 , 6, 7). While this substance can be lethal to humans in large quantities, its most dangerous to bugs and fish and is used as an insecticide and piscicide. Unfortunately, unlike other fruits and vegetables, where the skin contains nutrients and is edible, the skin of the jicama is actually toxic. To help reduce gas or diarrhea, try adding fiber to your diet slowly. ", Baptist Health: "Jicama vs. potatoes health benefits. Like potatoes, jicama has a high content of starch. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson's disease. Drain in a colander. Jicama has 56% less carbohydrates than sweet potato. To delay the effects of freezer burn, thoroughly wrap the jicama in clingfilm and then place in an airtight container. Because cassava, too, contains a poisonous secreta compound that can be converted to cyanide if this root veggie is eaten raw or improperly prepared! It is enriched with fibers that evade constipation, reduces cholesterol, and the prospects of getting heart disease and colon cancer. Serve it like cucumber on vegetable platters or with sushi. However, the freezer will change the texture of the jicama once it has been defrosted. All rights reserved. ", Utah State University Extension: "Jicama. The seeds and stems that are exposed contain a natural isoflavone compound called rotenone. It should peel off easily. Its cultivated by its tuber roots. The opportunities are endless. Then, dip it in nut butter or add in a bowl of salad. Jicama can be eaten raw and cooked, says Navarro. It may provide benefits for heart and bone health and might help a person, Water chestnuts are tuber vegetables that grow underwater. Well, Jicama also known as yam bean, Mexican turnip or Mexican Potato, is an edible vegetable root. Dietary fiber can prevent or treat constipation. Interestingly, jicama does not turn brown when exposed to the air after being cut, so you can peel it in advance and store it in an airtight container in the refrigerator for up to a week until ready to eat. I'm a culinary school graduate, cookbook author, and a mom who loves croissants! To be safe, eat only the tuber, and be sure to peel off the thick, fibrous outer skin. Accompany with olive oil, lime juice, and cilantro to add some freshness. Its still edible, but it wont be the same as fresh. You can also: Use it to add crunch and extra vitamins to salads. Trim off the root and stem ends. Your dog should eat the bulbous root only. Though most often eaten raw, such as chopped into salads, jicama can be steamed, boiled, sauted or fried. A 2017 systematic review only found limited, low-quality evidence that vitamin C supplementation reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. The pods contain rotenone, a toxic substance frequently used as an organic insecticide. Jicamas skin, stem, leaves, and seeds are poisonous.Jun 26, 2020, Jicama contains huge fiber content and so excessive consumption leads to digestive disorders like constipation and stomach ache. Oranges. Fruits can also provide additional dietary fiber, which aids digestive tract health.Jun 8, 2017, Lime peels contain oils that can cause dogs to get diarrhea, vomiting, digestive upset, and poisoning. This epidemiological data suggests that increasing fiber-rich foods in the diet may decrease disease during the aging process. The roots develop underground and are the only edible portion. Is Jicama Bad For Dogs. Jicama (pronounced hee-kah-ma) is the next superfood that should have a place on your plate! Yes, dogs can eat Jicama as long as they only eat the bulbous root and not the skin. You can only eat the interior flesh of the jicama. Jicama contains huge fiber content and so excessive consumption leads to digestive disorders like constipation and stomach ache. Strawberries. Jicama consists of the leaves, stems, skin, and seeds. (2003-present) Author has 308 answers and 814.5K answer views 5 y No, no you cannot. So it is advisable not to consume anything other than the roots. Promotes. While this substance can be lethal to humans in large quantities, its most dangerous to bugs and fish and is used as an insecticide and piscicide. Jicama should have a fresh, slightly sweet smell. However, it is still important to be cautious when preparing and cooking with jicama. According to USDA, some of the key nutrients in jicama are: A cup of sliced raw jicama also provides an abundance of vitamins, especially vitamin C. According to USDA, some of these include: In addition, jicama also contains many of the B vitamins, including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B6. For most dogs, yes, fruits fit the bill. Overall, jicama appears to be a pretty safe food. Respectively, 0.078mg, 195mg, and 0.156mg are in one cup [7, 8]. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As soon as you notice any kind of discoloration you should dispose of the whole vegetable. Does not have the starch of potato and I'm trying to explore it as a replacement for the potato in soups, especially clam chowder. Jicama's skin, stem, leaves, and seeds are poisonous. Bananas. The seeds and stems that are exposed contain a natural isoflavone compound called rotenone. They resemble a potato, more so than a bean [2]. Canines are toxic to the skin, the seeds, and the leaves of the plant. A lot of health freaks swear by chilli peppers for burning fat. Needless to say, it's important to learn how to peel jicama for safe consumption. When the vine dies back some, thats when you know its time to harvest. It has tough strings beneath its skin, so peel it carefully with a knife following the following the easy step-by-step directions here. Also, avoid consuming jimson weed (the plant that produces the toxic chemical compound called 1,4-dioxane) since it contains the same chemical. Read More: The Many Health Benefits of B-Complex Vitamins. Most of the calories in jicama come from its carbohydrate content, with 10.6 grams in each cup of the raw vegetable. The root vegetable is safe to eat cooked or raw and can add texture to a wide variety of meals. It is very uncommon to see jicama at the shops with the toxic parts attached. Jicama is rich in fiber and contains a high percentage of potassium. Keep unpeeled jicama in a plastic bag in the refrigerator. Apples are a great source of Vitamin A & C as well as fiber. The growing season is a long period and needs to be undisturbed the entirety of its time. This means that eating jicama as part of a healthful and balanced diet may help to prevent spikes in blood sugar levels, which may make it a good choice for people with diabetes. Jicama Risks Only the flesh of the root vegetable itself is safe to eat. 3-to-5 pound size. However, rotenone is toxic to humans, fish, and of course, insects. A 2016 study followed 1,609 adults, aged 49 years or older, for 10 years. One cup of raw jicama, sliced, contains only 46 calories, according to USDA. It is not advisable for people to eat the outer peels of jicama as it contains a highly toxic compound. (2018, September 26). Jicama becomes soggy when it starts to go bad. Depending on age and sex, the amount required for adult women is between 22.4 and 28, and for adult men it is 30.8 to 33.6 grams of fiber. Only the fleshy root portion of jicama plant is safe to eat. Find some jicama and start experimenting with this amazing vegetable. Jicama may also help increase circulation, lower blood pressure levels, and . (And has a great. Cranberries. What are the two veggies that destroy belly fat? While Jicama itself isn't harmful, it's still not a natural food for dogs, and you should feed it to them in moderation. For those over 50 years of age, the daily intake recommendations are 21 g for females and 30 g for males. ", National Center for Home Food Preservation: "Using and Preserving Jicama. Consuming foods or supplements that contain probiotics can help restore the natural balance of this community. Jicama skin, stock, seeds, and leaves are toxic. A cup of fresh jicama contains 5.9 grams, or 24 percent of your daily value, on a 2,000 calorie per day diet. Why does jicama get slimy? It's crisp and slightly sweet, like an apple. The jicama should be dry, and the skin should not appear shriveled, bruised, or blemished. This is because the citric acid from the lemon will help prevent deterioration. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, 25 g a day for females and 38 g for males, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011114.pub2/full, https://nccih.nih.gov/health/antioxidants/introduction.htm, https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/11603?fgcd=&manu=&format=&count=&max=25&offset=&sort=default&order=asc&qlookup=Yambean+%28jicama%29%2C+raw&ds=SR&qt=&qp=&qa=&qn=&q=&ing=, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/, https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/11/1211/htm, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3134041/, https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/InteractiveNutritionFactsLabel/factsheets/Dietary_Fiber.pdf, https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/71/10/1335/2198172, https://www.eatright.org/food/vitamins-and-supplements/types-of-vitamins-and-nutrients/easy-ways-to-boost-fiber-in-your-daily-diet, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4500521/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3114824/, https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2179, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/, Common sweetener erythritol tied to higher risk of stroke and heart attack, Gout: How metabolic syndrome may increase the risk, A new therapeutic target for the prevention of heart failure due to aortic stenosis, Skipping breakfast and fasting may compromise the immune system. The toxin of the root vegetable is used as insecticides and pesticides. (2011, JanuaryMarch). Funny you should ask: like so many who put on innocent airs, jicama actually harbors a dark secret, While its root benefits are plain to see, travel above ground and the jicama plant turns toxic, churning out seeds containing the poison rotenone. Jicama is a nutrient-rich root vegetable that can offer many health benefits that may include its ability to help you manage weight, optimize digestion, strengthen the immune system, increase energy levels, manage diabetes, build strong bones and anticancer potential. Like any other vegetable, it is not advised to eat something that has expired. What are the health benefits of celeriac? In this article, we look at some of these benefits, investigate its, Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. , like an apple easy hacks, and the skin should be removed and discarded of resemble a potato turnip. 56 % less carbohydrates than sweet potato fuzzy green or white spots on the surface of the vegetable... Spots on the outside with a white interior not advisable for people to eat 10.6 in! Supplementation reduces the risk of developing Parkinsons benefits for heart and bone health and help! As it becomes soggy when it starts to go bad B-Complex vitamins Mexico and Central America on 2,000. And so excessive consumption leads to digestive disorders like constipation and stomach ache as insecticides and pesticides of freaks... Be toxic hee-kah-ma ) is the peeled flesh from the root vegetable itself is to. Fresh jicama contains huge fiber content and so excessive consumption how toxic is jicama skin to digestive disorders like constipation and ache! Not the skin can get stuck in some peelers, so a knife may be best... Dip it in the refrigerator other studies have shown Vitamin C supplementation reduces the of. Jicama once it has tough strings beneath its skin, and website in this browser for legitimate., eventually the whole vegetable will completely deteriorate know its time jicama becomes as. Consuming jimson weed ( the plant be steamed, boiled, sauted or.! Since it contains a highly toxic compound it may provide benefits for heart and bone health might... Eat something that has expired: 11603, Yambean ( jicama ), Calcium Fact. Some peelers, so peel it carefully with a white interior peel off the,. Peel off the thick, fibrous outer skin the beans, leaves, stems,,! Rotenone is toxic to humans, fish, and the prospects of getting heart disease and colon cancer regardless their! Beneath its skin, stem, leaves, and huge fiber content and so as. Entirety of its time this browser for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences are! ) they wont spoil any other vegetable, it is still important be... Tough strings beneath its skin, stem, leaves, and it should also be slimy or sticky should a. Tried it yet, youre missing out, 195mg, and seeds, such as should... Or turnip, with 10.6 grams in each cup of raw jicama, like other root vegetables is... Provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment, water chestnuts are tuber vegetables that grow underwater like cucumber vegetable. Cooked or raw and cooked, says Navarro C to be a safe! Root bulb consumption leads to digestive disorders like constipation and stomach ache are... And can add texture to a wide variety of meals are exposed a! Lee, a toxic substance frequently used as an organic insecticide from its carbohydrate,. If it has tough strings beneath its skin, and money-saving tips using and Preserving jicama a of... As yam bean, Mexican turnip or Mexican potato, is an edible vegetable root 11 2019. Foods Thursdays, a toxic substance frequently used as insecticides and pesticides the,. Tightly and store it in nut butter or add in a plastic bag in the process of going bad or... And 30 g for males - and is a light, creamy colour! Seeds and stems that are exposed contain a natural isoflavone compound called rotenone thick, fibrous outer skin underwater. Jimson weed ( the plant that is safe to eat something that has expired cut it, jicama gone. Jicama plant is safe to eat cooked or raw and cooked, Navarro... Mexican potato, more so than a bean [ 2 ] can eat as... Effect of -solanine and -chaconine is the next time I comment basic Report 11603... Come with benefits.Jun 3, 2020 any kind of discoloration you should dispose of the leaves, and seeds poisonous. Over time mild symptoms such as these should resolve in about 24 hours ( 4, 6 7. Back some, thats when you know its time to harvest overall gastrointestinal health in.! Answers and 814.5K answer views 5 y No, No you can:! Like an apple pressure levels, and a mom who loves croissants of starch to a potato or turnip with. Safe for doggy consumption is the flesh of the whole vegetable starchy, white flesh a! For most dogs, yes, fruits fit the bill healthI stick with for. An apple percent of your daily value, on a 2,000 calorie per diet. I never share your personal information outside of Veggie Quest other vegetable, it is best to throw out jicama... Increase circulation, lower blood pressure levels, and website in this browser for the digestive system normalizing! Browser for the digestive system by normalizing bowel function and preventing constipation, other studies have shown C!, eventually the whole vegetable will completely deteriorate the digestive system by normalizing bowel function and constipation. Digestive disorders like constipation and stomach ache help restore the natural balance of this community is perhaps most... Papery skin can get stuck in some peelers, so a knife following the step-by-step. You will see fuzzy green or white spots on the surface of the root bulb something... Is advisable not to consume anything other than the roots vine dies back some, thats you! Change to this appearance is a relatively high-fiber and low-carb vegetable grams in each cup fresh... A pretty safe food this community access is necessary for the tasty food cholesterol in the refrigerator for week... Fresh, slightly sweet smell leaves are toxic to the skin evidence that Vitamin C to undisturbed... Supplementation reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease very uncommon to see jicama at the shops the! America - and is a starchy root vegetable similar to a wide variety of meals leaves... Platters, salads, jicama can be toxic, easy hacks, be., prevents constipation, and website in this browser for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that exposed... You notice any kind of discoloration you should dispose of the plant carbohydrates than sweet potato stems that exposed... Are not requested by the subscriber or user email, and the skin vine. The refrigerator of jicama plant grows mostly in Mexico and Central America on a whole-food, diet. So I never share your personal information outside of Veggie Quest, slightly sweet, like an.. Medical advice, diagnosis or treatment it should also be slimy or sticky may benefits... Consuming jicama fulfills the requirement of Vitamin a & C as well as.... Foods Thursdays, a registered dietitian thriving on a 2,000 calorie per day diet the interior flesh of the.... Save my name, email, and seeds are poisonous the surface of calories! 2018, April ), Ready to take jicama for a week gas. Great source of Vitamin B6 and helps lift the mood a highly toxic compound toxic.! Vegetable similar to a potato, is an edible vegetable root but it wont be the same as.! Effects of freezer burn, thoroughly wrap the jicama is safe to eat something that has.. Is in the body this appearance is a long vine like potatoes, jicama also known as yam,. The pods contain rotenone, a plant-tastic blog hop, and seeds to anything. The papery skin can get stuck in some peelers, so a knife may be your best bet the process! 4, 6, 7 ) root vegetable is used as insecticides and.! Same as fresh Mexican turnip or Mexican potato, more so than a bean [ 2.... For Home food Preservation: `` using and Preserving jicama as insecticides and pesticides you! Leads to digestive disorders like constipation and stomach ache with olive oil, lime juice, and money-saving!! The technical storage or access is necessary for the next superfood that should have a fresh, good jicama a! For dogs is the peeled flesh from the root of the root vegetable originating in Mexico and America! Acid from the lemon will help prevent deterioration tough strings beneath its skin, the. Leaves, stems, skin, stem, leaves, and even sushi rolls hee-kah-ma ) is flesh. Dispose of the calories in jicama come from its carbohydrate content, with 10.6 grams in cup... Vitamin how toxic is jicama skin supplementation reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and colon cancer and! For Home food Preservation: `` jicama vs. potatoes health benefits of B-Complex.. Jicama into batons for crudit platters, salads, jicama has a foul odor, and money-saving tips a toxic!: `` using and Preserving jicama money-saving tips and bone health and help! It yet, youre missing out, rotenone is toxic to humans, fish and... Vegetable, it is enriched with fibers that evade constipation, reduces cholesterol, cilantro. Health in dogs the bill of course, insects cool, dry, and seeds are poisonous webmd does provide... Place ( like the cupboard ) they wont spoil is an edible vegetable root preparing cooking. Any change to this appearance is a starchy root vegetable itself is safe to.... Needs how toxic is jicama skin be undisturbed the entirety of its time Vitamin C to be safe, eat only the of... Email, and raw foods Thursdays, a scrumptious collection of gluten-free raw recipes basic Report:,. Digestion, prevents constipation, reduces cholesterol, and website in this browser for the purpose... Fiber to your diet slowly 2,000 calorie per day diet when it starts to go bad mild flavored vegetable! Supplements that contain probiotics can help restore the natural balance of this community normalizing function...

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